But is it really a fact that most of the traditional Indian philosophers were committed atheists? There is only one answer to this question, and that is highly embarassing for the theists today, as it must have been for the theists of medieval India.
And, what is the orthodoxy oriented philosophers' usual trick to cover up facts that are embarassing? It is to take refuge in verbal subterfuge.
This must have been a fairly common form of intellectual dishonesty in the philosophical debates even in ancient India, in as much as in the oldest available treatise on the codes of such debates (Nyaya Sutra), we come across a detailed discussion of this trick, and of course its philosophical futility.
In Indian terminology, this is called chalai.e. a verbal subterfuge designed deliberately to distort the position of the opponent and thereby impute to him a view which he does not actually maintain. It may be done in various ways. One of these is called samanya-chala. It consists in inventing an absurd meaning regarding something mentioned by somebody and this by taking advanatage of some general characterestic being present in objects other than the one really intended by the speaker (Nyaya Sutra i.2.13).
An interesting example of this trick is to be found in the writings of Udayana (circa 10th century AD), an extremely renowned medieval philosopher belonging to the Nyaya school, whose Nyayakusumanjali is considered the classic of Indian theism.
In the opening portion of the Kusumanjali, Udayana claims that there is actually none who can be considered an atheist, in as much as everybody believes in God--though in his own way. The passage needs to be quoted in full and here it is as translated by one of the ablest of modern Indian scholars (Gopinath Kaviraj in Saraswati Bhavan Studies ii.165):
"Although with regard to that Being whom all men worship, whichever of the Aims of Man they may strive after viz. the Being which the followers of the Upanisad worship as One, by nature pure and enlightened, the followers of Kapila as the perfected First Knower, the followers of Patanjali as the Being who is untouched by afflictions, actions, and fruits and who by assuming a 'phantasmal body' revealed the Veda and imparts (Saving) Grace, the followers of Mahapasupati as the absolutely independent One, who is undefiled by actions opposed to those enjoined in the Vedas and sanctioned by popular usage, the Saivas as Siva, the Vaisnavas as Purusottama, the Paurinkas as the Supreme Father, the sacrificialists as the soul of Sacrifice, the Saugatas [i.e. Budhists] as Omniscient, the Digambaras as the Uncovered, the Mimansakas as That which is enjoined (by the Vedas) as the object of worship, the Naiyayikas as the Being who is endowed with all the attributes which befit Him, the Charvakas as One whose authority is established by the convention of the world (loka-vyavahara-siddha), --what more, whom even the artisans worship as Visvakarman, the Great Architect--now, although with regard to such a Being, the Lord Siva, whose power is universally recognised, like caste, gotra, school (of Veda), family duties, etc. there can hardly be any ground for doubt and consequently any need for investigation, still--this logical dissertation of God, which may be called his contemplation, constitutes verily His worship, in as much as it follows the hearings of the Sruti."
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